Chemistry 2024 Jamb Examination
Question 131
The common Sc³⁺ ion loses the 4s and the 3d electrons to give the configuration [Ar], which has no electrons in d-orbitals.
By the IUPAC definition a transition metal is an element whose atom or common ion has an incomplete d subshell.
Because Sc³⁺ has no d electrons (its d-subshell is empty in the ion), scandium is not regarded as a transition metal in that ionic state.
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Question 132
Compare each option to the saturated formula for the same carbon number: for C2 the saturated formula is C2H6.
C2H2 (acetylene) is missing four hydrogens relative to C2H6, indicating multiple degrees of unsaturation (a triple bond).
C2H4 has one degree (a double bond), CH4 and C4H10 are saturated.
Therefore C2H2 is the most highly unsaturated among the options.
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Question 133
These effects contaminate water supplies and aquatic food chains, which can directly or indirectly lead to ill health in humans and animals.
Therefore biodegradable pollutants in water systems pose a risk of causing ill health.
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