Government 2009 Jamb Examination

D. separation of powers
In a presidential system, power is divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This separation ensures that no single branch dominates, promoting checks and balances.
It allows each branch to function independently while holding the others accountable, preventing abuse of power, and guaranteeing that governance is conducted according to constitutional provisions.

B. the use of veto power
The executive can prevent unconstitutional or undesirable legislation from becoming law through veto power. This acts as a crucial check on legislative authority.
By either rejecting bills or sending them back with recommendations, the executive ensures that laws align with national interests, constitutional provisions, and public welfare, maintaining the balance of power between branches.

A. nationalism
Nationalism is the sense of shared identity, culture, and history among citizens of a nation. It fosters loyalty, unity, and pride in the state.
Nationalism encourages citizens to participate actively in governance, defend national interests, and promote social cohesion, helping countries build a strong collective identity and sense of belonging.

C. one's grandparents were citizens of the state
Citizenship by descent refers to acquiring nationality through one's lineage rather than place of birth. This ensures continuity of citizenship across generations.
It allows the state to recognize individuals who inherit citizenship from their parents or grandparents, preserving rights, obligations, and national identity regardless of the actual birthplace of the individual.

D. independence
Judicial independence allows judges to make decisions based solely on the law without interference from the executive, legislature, or other external forces.
This ensures fairness, prevents corruption, and protects citizens' rights. A judiciary free from political or financial pressures upholds the rule of law and strengthens public confidence in the legal system.

A. there is one dominant party
A hegemonic political party dominates the political landscape, often controlling government offices and influencing policy-making, though opposition parties may exist.
This dominance can lead to stable governance but may also suppress pluralism, reduce accountability, and limit competition, making it essential to maintain democratic safeguards even under a dominant party system.

D. South Africa and Angola
Nigeria actively supported the liberation movements in South Africa and Angola through diplomatic, political, and sometimes military means. This demonstrated its commitment to anti-colonialism and regional solidarity.
By backing these countries, Nigeria played a key role in promoting self-determination, regional stability, and the broader Pan-African agenda of ending oppression and colonial dominance.

D. foreign policy
Foreign policy comprises strategies, principles, and guidelines that determine how a state conducts relations with other countries. It includes diplomacy, trade, treaties, and international cooperation.
A clear foreign policy ensures national interests are safeguarded, fosters peaceful relations, and enables a country to participate effectively in the global community, balancing domestic and international priorities.

D. multilateral diplomacy
Through UN membership, Nigeria engages with multiple countries simultaneously, shaping global agendas and policies. Multilateral diplomacy allows for collaboration on peace, security, and development.
This strengthens Nigeria's international influence, enhances its ability to mediate conflicts, and provides a platform to advance collective interests while maintaining sovereignty in global decision-making processes.

C. Non-aligned Movement
The Non-aligned Movement (NAM) allowed Nigeria and other developing nations to remain independent of Cold War blocs, pursuing neutral and cooperative foreign relations.
Through NAM, Nigeria promoted sovereignty, development, and solidarity among newly independent states, avoiding alignment with either the US or Soviet blocs, while advancing global peace and equitable economic policies.