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Kirchhoff's voltage law is related to both battery electromotive forces (e.m.f.s) and IR drops. It states that in any closed loop or mesh in a circuit, the algebraic sum of the voltages (or potential differences) encountered is zero. This law applies to both the voltage sources (such as batteries) and the voltage drops across resistors (IR drops) within the loop. So, the correct answer is "(b) and (c)."

According to Kirchhoff's voltage law, the algebraic sum of all IR drops and e.m.fs. in any closed loop of a network is always zero. So, the correct answer is "zero."

For a voltage source, the terminal voltage can never be higher than the source electromotive force (e.m.f.). So, the correct statement is "terminal voltage is always lower than source e.m.f."

The number of Faraday tubes of flux passing through a surface in an electric field is called electric flux. So, the correct term is "electric flux."

The capacitance between two plates increases with a larger plate area and a shorter distance between the plates. Therefore, the correct option is "larger plate area and shorter distance between plates."

A region around a stationary electric charge has an electric field. Therefore, the correct answer is an electric field."

A variable capacitance is one whose capacitance can be changed manually or by mechanical means. Therefore, the correct option is "can be changed manually or by mechanical means."

A unit tube of flux is known as a tube of Faraday. So, the correct answer is "Faraday."

The ohmmeter reading for a short-circuited capacitor is zero. When a capacitor is short-circuited, it effectively behaves as a conductor, allowing current to flow freely without any resistance. Therefore, the ohmmeter reading indicates zero resistance.

The units of volume charge density are Coulomb/metre³.