Use Of English 2009 Jamb Examination

The standardization processes of Nigerian Pidgin seem to have started during the post-colonial period. Naturally, Nigerian Pidgin appears to be the first choice of most Nigerians in informal situations, especially when they are among those from different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. Thus, the selection process has tactically taken place. Among all the languages used in Nigeria today, English inclusive, Nigerian Pidgin could be said to be the most widely spoken. Evidence abounds in motor parks, parties, congregations, and most social occasions. There is also ample evidence in the electronic and print media, especially in political propaganda, campaigns, and product advertisements. Thus, in terms of spread and extensive use, Nigerian Pidgin could rightly be called a national lingua franca.

The use of Nigerian Pidgin in contemporary Nigeria could be described as most productive, extensive, and complex. It appears that the standardization processes—selection, codification, elaboration of functions, and acceptance—which started in the post-colonial era, are now being completed in contemporary Nigeria. The reason for this assumption is simple: apart from its complex use as a lingua franca, language of media advertisement, social interaction, unofficial military training, and limited literary output, Nigerian Pidgin has attained widespread acceptability in the media, political propaganda, and campaigns as well as soap operas. It is also the language of radio and television jingles. Most electronic media now use an appreciable percentage of their airtime to cast news and give reports in Nigerian Pidgin. Even though its use in some newspaper columns has declined, especially with the demise of the “Waka About” column in the Daily Times, it is, however, found extensively in some newspaper advertisements.

In places like Warri, Sapele, and Port Harcourt, there were reports that teachers at the lower primary level taught their pupils in Nigerian Pidgin. This unofficial adoption of Nigerian Pidgin as the language of lower primary education by those teachers is justifiable, considering the provision in the National Policy on Education, which states that, in addition to English, the major language in the child’s environment could be used at the elementary level of education. Similarly, Nigerian Pidgin has become a language of religious preaching, especially in Christianity. In most rural and even urban centres where congregations are not all very well-educated, pastors resort to the use of Nigerian Pidgin.

The use of Nigerian Pidgin as a literary language tends to have started in the sixties with the works of Achebe, Soyinka, and others. But it is in contemporary times that it has become most widespread. The number of poems, novels, and plays written and published in Nigerian Pidgin is growing even more rapidly. Many more literary writers now attempt to experiment with the language. Therefore, the evidence of codification, elaboration of functions, and the partial or tactical acceptance of Nigerian Pidgin are clearly visible.

Millions of people today are in serious ‘debt’. This can be a major factor in wrecking their cars, damaging their careers, and even ruining their marriages. It can adversely affect their health and lifespan. It is a deficit that contributes to immune suppression, creating susceptibility to various infections. Conditions as different as diabetes, heart disease, and extreme obesity, as well as other health problems, have been linked to it. Yet, most victims are oblivious of this debt. The debtor is the one who does not have enough sleep needed for well-being. This can be caused by voluntary sleep deprivation resulting from a person’s lifestyle or by involuntary sleep deprivation because of illness and other causes. Medical researchers estimate that the earth’s population is now getting, on the average, an hour less sleep per night, leading to a global concern about both the variety of sleep-related illnesses and their impact on quality of life.

The medical world once viewed the chronic inability to sleep as just one disorder, commonly called insomnia. However, a commission created by the U.S. Congress recognized 17 distinct sleep disorders. At any rate, insomnia has so many causes that it is often considered to be a symptom of other problems, much as fever suggests some sort of infection. Even occasional deprivation of sleep can be disastrous. Consider the case of Tom, although an experienced truck driver, he plunged his 18-wheel vehicle over an embankment, spilling 400 litres of sulphuric acid onto a major highway. Tom admits: “I fell asleep.” Studies of two U.S. highways estimated that drowsy drivers caused some 50 per cent of the fatal crashes.

With hundreds of thousands of sleep-related auto and other accidents happening annually, the worldwide cost to productivity and family life is enormous. What factors may contribute to lack of sleep? One is the social phenomenon often called “24/7”—operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The newspaper USA Today described this as a cultural earthquake that is changing the way we live, noting that a new wave of round-the-clock retailers and services is profiting by mocking the clock. In many lands, people watch all-night television programmes and access the Internet when they should be sleeping. Then there is the toll taken by emotional disorders, often involving anxieties heightened by stress occasioned by the pace of life. Also, there are a variety of physical diseases that can contribute to lack of sleep.

Many doctors note how difficult it is to get their patients to take sleep seriously. One doctor complained that chronic fatigue is even considered “a status symbol” by some. And because their condition often worsens very gradually, victims of sleep deprivation may not recognize that they suffer from a serious sleep disorder. Many of them reason, “I’m just getting old,” or “I can’t cope with life, so I tend to shut down,” or “I’m tired all the time because I can never get the long rest I need.” Reversing this sleep debt is a complex challenge. But understanding how a healthful sleep cycle works and learning to identify the signs of sleep debt can provide the motivation to change. Recognizing the symptoms of a serious sleep disorder can save lives, and this should be a warning to many Nigerians, particularly those who engage in long night journeys.

Business executives selling industrial and high price-tag customer goods have come to the……16….. that there should be a better approach to buyer-seller……17…… In Nigeria, a new brand of salesmanship is emerging. Today, such……18…… as consultative selling, relationship marketing and value-added selling have become common catchphrases with professional salespeople.

Salespeople are now….19…… from pushy, hard-selling to consultations, playing business advisory and problem-solving roles for their customers. Customers ….20…… has assumed a higher dimension. Salespeople and their companies are beginning to realize that the only way to stay in business and possibly be ahead of….21…… is to give adequate attention to the needs of customers. Salespeople and business executives are beginning to understand that customer….22…… is what ensures a robust bottom line. The only way to do this is to give special attention to the needs of customers.

First time purchase is the beginning of a relationship. We now have a very…..23…… marketplace in which people feel a need for personal intimacy and excellent service. In fact, some customers want to be pampered. They want customized service. They want a salesperson who comes to them with a…..24…… knowledge of their needs and has ready-made solution to their problems. The ability to….25…… the needs of the customer and provide adequate information that helps the customer to make informed purchase decisions are attributes that the modern customer respects and appreciates.