Computer Science Test 1 Nddc Scholarship

A CMOS virus targets the Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) memory, which stores the BIOS settings and system clock. Because this memory is powered by a small battery, the virus can persist even when the computer is turned off, potentially altering boot sequences or hardware configurations.

Access control follows the 'Principle of Least Privilege.' It ensures that a user has the specific permissions required to perform their job (authorization) but is strictly prohibited from viewing or modifying sensitive data or system areas that are not relevant to their role.

Callback is an authentication method used in remote access. When a user dials into a server, the server disconnects the call and immediately calls the user back at a specific, authorized phone number stored in its database. This ensures the user is physically located at a trusted site.

These are all types of malware (malicious software). While they behave differently—viruses attach to files, worms self-replicate across networks, and Trojans disguise themselves as legitimate software—they are all programmed to cause harm, steal data, or provide unauthorized access.

Active scripting refers to the use of scripts (like JavaScript or VBScript) within web content to provide interactivity. While useful, it can be exploited by attackers to run malicious code on a user's machine, which is why many security settings allow users to disable it in browsers or email clients.

Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking and essentially establishes the internet. It works alongside TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to ensure data reaches the correct destination.

The Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996 was the first notable attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet. In the context of security and law, it is famous for Section 230, which provides immunity to online platforms for content posted by their users.

An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) monitors network traffic for suspicious activity and issues alerts when such activity is discovered. Unlike a firewall, which looks at 'packets' to block or allow them, an IDS analyzes the patterns of behavior to identify potential 'break-ins.'

Pharming is more dangerous than phishing because it doesn't require the user to click a link in an email. Attackers 'poison' a DNS server or a local host file so that even when you type a correct URL (like www.yourbank.com), your computer is sent to a fake IP address controlled by the hacker.

Nonrepudiation provides legal and technical proof of an action. In digital communications, this is typically achieved through digital signatures and public-key cryptography. It ensures that neither party can later claim that a transaction or message did not take place.