Computer Science Test 1 Nddc Scholarship

When data is sent over a network, it is too large to be transmitted as a single block. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) divides the data into manageable units called packets. Each packet contains a portion of the original data along with a header that includes source and destination addresses to ensure it reaches the correct location.

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable delivery. Because packets may take different routes across the internet and arrive out of order, TCP uses sequence numbers in the packet headers. At the receiving end, the protocol uses these numbers to reassemble the data in the exact order it was originally sent.

A black hat hacker is an individual who attempts to gain unauthorized access to a computer system or network with malicious intent. Unlike ethical hackers, black hats violate computer security for personal gain, to steal data, or to cause disruption, operating outside the law and without the consent of the system owners.

Access logs are vital for auditing and forensic investigations. They record the 'who, when, and where' of system access, specifically tracking user login and logout events along with the exact dates and times. This allows administrators to identify suspicious login patterns or determine which account was active during a security breach.

Security architecture is a unified design framework that addresses the necessities and potential risks of a specific environment. It defines how different security layers—such as firewalls, encryption, and authentication—work together within the broader information technology infrastructure to protect an organization's assets and ensure the integrity of its data systems.

Ethical hacking involves the authorized attempt to gain unauthorized access to a computer system, application, or data. By mimicking the techniques used by malicious attackers, ethical hackers help organizations find and fix security vulnerabilities before they can be exploited, significantly strengthening the overall security posture of the network.

Information privacy (or data privacy) is the right of an individual to have some control over how their personal data is handled by organizations. It encompasses the protection of sensitive personal details from unauthorized access and ensuring that data collection is transparent, lawful, and limited to the purposes for which the user has consented.

While 'hacker' is a broad term, a 'cracker' specifically refers to someone who breaks into computer systems for criminal or unethical reasons. This usually involves bypassing security protocols, 'cracking' software license protections, or stealing sensitive information. The term emphasizes the illegal and destructive nature of their activities compared to general hacking.

Antivirus software is a specialized program designed to prevent, detect, and remove malware. It works by scanning files and system memory for known 'signatures' of viruses and observing behavior for suspicious activities. Regularly updating this software is essential, as it allows the program to recognize and block newly discovered threats as they emerge.

Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist at CERN, invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He developed the fundamental technologies that power the web today, including HTML (HyperText Markup Language), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), and the first web browser, envisioning a global system for sharing information through linked hypertext documents.