Biology 2025 Jamb Examination

The chemical equation shown represents alcoholic fermentation, a type of anaerobic respiration. In this process, organisms like yeast break down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of energy.

Agglutination, or the clumping of red blood cells, is a dangerous reaction that occurs when the antigen on the surface of the donor's red blood cells reacts with the corresponding antibody in the recipient's blood plasma due to blood group incompatibility.

The splash zone (or supralittoral zone) is the highest part of the rocky shore. It is located above the high spring tide mark and is never fully submerged; instead, it only receives moisture from the spray of breaking waves.

A key difference is that during photosynthesis, oxygen is liberated as a by-product when water molecules are split. In contrast, aerobic respiration consumes oxygen to break down glucose and liberates carbon dioxide.

The diagram represents the digestive system in man, and the labelled parts are shown as seen in the diagram above:

The Obudu Mountain Resort (formerly known as Obudu Cattle Ranch) and its associated game reserve are located on the Obudu Plateau in Cross River State, Nigeria. It is one of the most famous tourist destinations in the country due to its temperate climate and high altitude.

In Nigeria, the vegetation zones (from the rainforest in the south to the Sahel savanna in the north) are primarily determined by rainfall. The amount and duration of the rainy season dictate which plants can survive in a region, which in turn determines the types of animals that can inhabit that area.

The stick insect uses its body shape to mimic a twig or small branch. This is a form of camouflage known as crypsis, which provides protection and defense by making the insect nearly invisible to predators like birds and lizards while it remains still on a plant.

When resources like food, water, or space are scarce, organisms must engage in competition. According to Gause's Principle (Competitive Exclusion), two species competing for the exact same resources cannot coexist indefinitely; the more vigorous species will outcompete and eventually eliminate the less vigorous one.

In a soil sedimentation experiment, particles settle based on their density and size. The heaviest particles (gravel and sand) settle at the bottom first. Decaying organic matter (humus) is less dense than water and remains afloat at the very top of the liquid.