Chemistry 2024 Jamb Examination

When Uranium-238 captures a neutron, it forms Uranium-239, which is unstable and radioactive. This is an example of producing a radioactive isotope through neutron absorption.
It is not atomic mutation, other neutrons, or general radiation, but specifically a radioactive isotope.

The amount of substance liberated during electrolysis is proportional to the equivalent weight:
Equivalent mass of Ag = 108 / 1 = 108 g/equiv
Equivalent mass of Mg = 24 / 2 = 12 g/equiv
Proportional calculation:
\( 16.0 \times \dfrac{12}{108} = 1.78 \text{ g} \)
Thus, 1.78 g of Mg will be liberated by the same quantity of electricity.

Air pollutants are substances that can harm humans, animals, or the environment. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas produced from incomplete combustion and is a major air pollutant.
Oxygen (O2) is essential, water vapour (H2O) is natural, and ozone (O3) at ground level is a pollutant, but the common air pollutant referred here is CO.

Use the neutralisation formula:
\( C_1V_1 = C_2V_2 \)
\( 0.12 \times V_1 = 0.20 \times 20 \)
\( V_1 = \dfrac{4}{0.12} = 33.33 \text{ cm}^3 \)
Thus, 33.33 cm3 of HCl is required to completely neutralize the NaOH solution.

Fog consists of tiny liquid droplets suspended in air, making it a liquid-in-gas colloid. The particles are microscopic and remain dispersed without settling quickly.

Let the mass of oxide = 100 g.
Mass of O = 60 g, Mass of S = 40 g
Moles of S = 40/32 = 1.25, Moles of O = 60/16 = 3.75
Divide by smallest: S = 1, O = 3
Empirical formula = SO₃.

J.J. Thomson conducted experiments using cathode ray tubes and discovered electrons as sub-atomic particles. He measured their charge-to-mass ratio, establishing the electron's existence.

Chlorine is added to water to disinfect and kill pathogenic microorganisms, preventing water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid.
It does not prevent tooth decay or goitre, and is not primarily used to remove colour or odour.

Limited air supply leads to incomplete combustion. Hydrocarbon in candle wax reacts insufficiently with oxygen:
\( C_nH_{2n} + O_2 \rightarrow CO + C(s) + H_2O \)
Thus, the products are soot (carbon) and carbon monoxide (CO).

Oil spills form a layer on the water surface, reducing oxygen diffusion and harming aquatic organisms. It leads to death of fish, plants, and other marine life, disrupting ecosystems.