Government 2010 Jamb Examination

C. sovereignty
A nation-state possesses full sovereignty, meaning it exercises supreme authority within its borders. Sovereignty ensures the state can make laws, enforce them, and govern independently without external interference.
It also implies that the state has defined territory, a permanent population, and a centralized government that maintains political order and protects the rights and interests of its citizens.

A. social values
Political culture refers to the attitudes, beliefs, and norms that shape how citizens perceive politics and governance. Social values guide acceptable behavior within a society.
They influence citizen participation, respect for laws, and the general political orientation of a population, ensuring societal cohesion and stability while fostering political accountability and civic responsibility.

A. aristocracy
Aristocracy is a political system where governance is in the hands of the most capable, educated, or noble citizens. The idea is that these individuals are best suited to rule.
This system emphasizes merit, wisdom, and talent, aiming to ensure efficient decision-making and leadership. However, it can also create elitism if participation is limited to a select group.

B. a republic
In a republic, political power rests with the citizens, who elect representatives to govern on their behalf. The head of state is not a hereditary monarch.
This system promotes accountability, civic participation, and the rule of law. It ensures leaders are chosen based on popular consent and can be removed or replaced through elections.

C. majority of the people rule
Modern democracy is characterized by majority rule while respecting minority rights. Citizens actively participate in decision-making directly or through elected representatives.
It guarantees political equality, accountability, and freedom of expression. Majority rule ensures that governance reflects the will of the people while mechanisms like constitutions safeguard fundamental rights and prevent tyranny.

B. executive is required to resign
A vote of no confidence signifies that the legislature no longer supports the executive's leadership. In parliamentary systems, this can compel the executive to resign.
This mechanism ensures accountability, prevents abuse of power, and allows the legislature to remove ineffective or unpopular governments. It maintains the balance between the executive and the legislature.

B. Congress
The U.S. Congress is the federal legislative body responsible for making laws. It is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Congress exercises legislative powers, including approving budgets, ratifying treaties, and overseeing the executive. It ensures representation of both the population and states, maintaining checks and balances in the American government system.

A. ensure equality of federating units
In federal systems, the upper house, often called the Senate, represents constituent states or regions equally, regardless of population size. This prevents domination by larger units.
It ensures all federating units have a voice in legislation, promotes balance in policymaking, and protects regional interests while maintaining national unity.

D. Confederal
In a confederal system, constituent units (states or regions) retain primary authority, while the central government has limited powers delegated by them.
This system allows the component units to make most decisions independently. It is suitable for alliances or unions of states seeking cooperation while maintaining sovereignty over local affairs.

A. supreme relative to the constitution
Fascism emphasizes authoritarian rule, where the leader wields absolute power above constitutional constraints. This centralization suppresses dissent and enforces uniformity.
The doctrine rejects checks and balances, prioritizes the leader's decisions over legal or societal norms, and demands loyalty, aiming to create a strong, unified state under centralized control.