Computer Science Test 3 Nddc Scholarship

To ensure efficient and reliable transmission, data is divided into manageable units called packets. Each packet contains a portion of the original data along with a 'header' that includes the source and destination addresses. This allows data to travel across different paths on the network and be easily retransmitted if a single piece is lost or corrupted.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures 'ordered delivery.' Since packets can take different routes and arrive out of sequence, TCP uses sequence numbers to rearrange them correctly at the receiving end, providing a seamless and error-free reconstruction of the original file.

A 'black hat' hacker is an individual who attempts to gain unauthorized access into a computer system or network with malicious intent. Unlike 'white hat' hackers who work to improve security, black hats typically seek to steal data, cause financial damage, or disrupt services for personal gain or ideological reasons.

Access logs are essential for security auditing. They record 'who' accessed the system and 'when' by tracking login and logout events. This creates a trail that administrators can use to identify suspicious activity, investigate potential breaches, or verify that only authorized users are accessing the system during appropriate hours.

Security architecture is a unified design framework that addresses the necessities and potential risks involved in a specific environment. It specifies where and how security measures—like firewalls, encryption, and authentication—should be implemented to protect the organization's assets and ensure they align with the overall business and technology goals.

Ethical hacking (or 'white hat' hacking) involves the same tools and techniques used by malicious hackers, but with the owner's consent. The goal is to strengthen security by finding weaknesses before they can be exploited by criminals. Ethical hackers provide detailed reports and recommendations for patching identified security 'holes.'

Information privacy (or data privacy) is the right of an individual to have some control over how their personal data is handled by organizations. As more data is collected through online activities, privacy laws and technologies aim to ensure that personal information is not used in ways that the individual has not consented to or that could cause them harm.

While 'hacker' is a broad term, 'cracker' specifically refers to someone who breaks into a computer system or circumvents software protections (like 'cracking' a software license) with the intent to commit a crime or cause harm. This distinction emphasizes the illegal and destructive nature of their activities compared to general technical exploration.

Antivirus software is a critical security tool that scans files and system memory for known 'signatures' or patterns of malicious code. Modern antivirus programs also use 'heuristics' to identify suspicious behavior from unknown threats, providing a proactive layer of defense against a wide variety of malware designed to damage or steal data.

Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 while working at CERN. He developed the first web browser, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). His vision was to create a global information-sharing space where documents could be linked together and accessed easily by anyone with a computer.