Computer Science Test 3 Nddc Scholarship

While 'intruder' is a general term, 'hacker' is the standard industry term for someone who uses technical skills to bypass security barriers. Hackers are often categorized by their intent: white hats (ethical), black hats (malicious), or gray hats (ambiguous). Regardless of intent, the act involves entering a digital space without explicit authorization.

Computers communicate using numerical IP addresses, but humans find names like 'google.com' easier to remember. DNS acts like a phonebook for the internet, mapping those domain names to the specific IP addresses (e.g., 142.250.190.46) required to route traffic to the correct server across the globe.

The subject line is the first thing a user sees. Attackers use social engineering tactics—such as 'Urgent: Account Suspended' or 'Invoice Attached'—to create a sense of curiosity or fear. This psychological manipulation is designed to make the user bypass their typical security caution and interact with the harmful content inside.

Once a computer is hacked, it often becomes a 'zombie' in a botnet. Attackers use its resources to launch further attacks, steal data, or host illegal files. However, an attacker would never use a compromised machine to 'secure' passwords; their goal is the exact opposite—to exploit, steal, or bypass them.

Copyright is a legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution. Software is considered 'literary work' under most copyright laws. Therefore, making unauthorized copies (piracy) is a direct violation of the developer's intellectual property rights and is punishable under civil and criminal law.

XSS occurs when an application includes untrusted data in a web page without proper validation or escaping. This allows an attacker to inject malicious scripts into the pages viewed by other users. The fault lies in the application's code handling rather than the specific brand of web server or browser being used.

The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) provides a standard mechanism for support of multiple authentication methods, such as smart cards, certificates, and passwords. Because it is 'extensible,' it allows new authentication technologies to be implemented without requiring changes to the underlying network protocols or hardware devices.

Antivirus software uses a database of 'signatures'—unique patterns of code found in known malware—to scan a computer's storage and RAM. When the software identifies a match, it alerts the user and takes action, such as quarantining or deleting the infected file, to prevent the malware from executing and spreading.

The CIA Triad represents the three core goals of security: Confidentiality (keeping data secret), Integrity (ensuring data isn't altered), and Availability (ensuring data is accessible when needed). Authentication is often grouped with these as a means to achieve them, but the primary 'A' in the classic triad stands for Availability.

Unlike a virus, which requires a human to run an infected file to spread, a worm is a standalone piece of malware. It exploits vulnerabilities in network protocols to automatically copy itself to other computers on the network, often consuming massive amounts of bandwidth and causing significant network congestion in the process.