Government 2025 Jamb Examination

Nationalist struggles led to the formation of political parties (like the NNDP, NCNC, and AG), which served as the primary vehicles for demanding self-rule. These parties allowed Nigerians to organize collectively and participate in the constitutional conferences that eventually led to independence.

In the pre-colonial Hausa-Fulani political structure, the Madawaki served as the Commander-in-Chief of the army or the Minister of Defence. The Galadima was often the administrator of the capital, the Sarkin Pawa was the head of butchers, and the Dogari were the palace guards/police.

Democracy is centered on the principle of popular sovereignty. Its hallmarks include free and fair (credible) elections, where the sanctity of the ballot box is respected, and the government represents the will of the majority through equal representation.

With the 1963 Republican Constitution, Nigeria severed its remaining ties to the British Monarchy. The Queen ceased to be the Head of State and was replaced by a non-executive President (Nnamdi Azikiwe). Additionally, the Supreme Court replaced the Privy Council as the final court of appeal.

The principle of 'Afrocentrism' or Africa as the centrepiece of foreign policy was first formally articulated by the administration of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He emphasized that Nigeria's primary interest in international relations would always be the peace and decolonization of the African continent.

The fundamental difference is their motive. Private enterprises exist primarily to make profit, whereas public corporations are established by the government to provide essential services (utilities) to the public at subsidized or affordable rates.

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was created at the Baghdad Conference in September 1960 by its five founding members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.

The Richards Constitution of 1946 provided for a Legislative Council for the whole of Nigeria consisting of the Governor and 44 to 46 members (including 28 unofficial members, most of whom were nominated or selected by the regional houses).

The term Ombudsman originated in Sweden and refers to an official appointed to investigate individuals' complaints against maladministration by public authorities. In Nigeria, the Public Complaints Commission (established in 1975) performs this exact role, acting as a watchdog to protect citizens from administrative injustice and the abuse of power.