Government 2025 Jamb Examination

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods and services for profit. This contrasts with socialism or communalism, which emphasize state or collective ownership.

Foreign policy consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interest and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu. Every decision a country makes internationally is designed to benefit its own security, economy, or people first.

In the traditional, decentralized Igbo political system, age grades played a crucial role in executive functions. They were responsible for public works, maintaining order, enforcing the decisions of the elders, and ensuring the cleanliness of the community through shared labour.

Bye-laws are a form of delegated legislation. They are rules made by local authorities (local governments) or public corporations to regulate their specific areas of jurisdiction, based on powers granted to them by an Act of Parliament.

During the Third Republic (the Babangida transition), the government established a two-party system by creating two specific parties: the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the National Republican Convention (NRC). This was done to curb ethnic and regional politics.

Decentralisation involves the distribution of power away from a central authority to local or regional governments. This is a defining feature of a federal state, where the constitution allocates specific powers to both the central government and the component units.

While not every written constitution is difficult to change, they are generally characterized as rigid because the process for amendment is formally documented and usually requires more than a simple legislative majority, unlike flexible (often unwritten) constitutions.

The permanence of the civil service ensures that even when political administrations change after an election, the administrative machinery of the state remains intact. This makes continuity of government possible, as civil servants provide the institutional memory and expertise needed to implement policies.

In political science, a state is defined as a politically organized body of people occupying a definite territory with an independent government. While 'nation' refers to a cultural entity, a 'state' refers to the legal and political entity that possesses sovereignty.

Prior to the 1976 Local Government Reforms, there was a lack of standardised structures across Nigeria. The North used the Native Authority system, while the East and West experimented with different divisional and council structures. The 1976 reform was the first to create a uniform, multi-purpose single-tier local government system nationwide.