Government 2025 Jamb Examination

In a democratic legislative process, a proposed law is called a bill while it is being debated in parliament. Once it has been passed by the legislature and received executive assent (signing), it becomes an act or a law. Decrees and edicts are typically associated with military or autocratic rule rather than parliamentary procedure.

In the traditional Hausa-Fulani pre-colonial political system, the Emir was the supreme head of the Emirate. He held executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The Emir's court was the highest court of appeal, dealing with major cases and land disputes, often guided by Islamic (Sharia) law.

The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is an economic development programme of the African Union. It was adopted at the 37th Summit of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in Lusaka, Zambia, in July 2001. It was designed to provide an overarching vision and policy framework for accelerating economic co-operation and integration among African countries.

Duties of citizens are obligations they owe to the state to ensure its smooth running and security. These include paying taxes, obeying laws, and participating in the democratic process (voting). Spying on the state is an act of treason or espionage and is a criminal offence against the state, not a duty.

A confederation is a union of sovereign states that retain their independence but delegate limited powers to a central authority for specific reasons like defence or trade. In this system, the central government is weak while the component states (units) are very strong and usually reserve the right to secede.

While several factors were cited, the primary driver for the 'Scramble for Africa' was economic interest. European powers needed raw materials (like rubber, palm oil, and minerals) for their industries following the Industrial Revolution and required new markets to sell their finished products.

Since independence, Nigeria has maintained a policy of non-alignment. This means that during the Cold War era, Nigeria chose not to formally align itself with either the Western bloc (led by the USA) or the Eastern bloc (led by the Soviet Union), instead making decisions based on national interest and African unity.

A professional pressure group consists of individuals in the same vocation seeking to protect their professional interests. The Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT) is a classic example. The Nigeria Labour Congress is an umbrella union, and the Manufacturers Association is an economic interest group.

The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria recognizes the Local Government as the third tier of government. While they face challenges with practical independence, constitutionally they are intended to be an autonomous level of government with specific functions listed in the Fourth Schedule.

In a parliamentary system (like the British Cabinet system), there is a fusion of powers. The members of the executive (the Prime Minister and Cabinet) are also active members of the legislature. This contrasts with the presidential system, where the principle of separation of powers is strictly applied.