Government 2025 Jamb Examination

In a federal system, the constitution is usually rigid, meaning it requires a special, more difficult procedure for amendment. This is necessary to protect the interests and powers of the component units (states) from being unilaterally altered by the central government. Unitary systems often have flexible constitutions that can be changed by ordinary legislative processes.

During Nigeria's Second Republic (1979–1983), the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) fielded Alhaji Shehu Shagari as its presidential candidate. He won the 1979 election, defeating Chief Obafemi Awolowo (UPN) and Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe (NPP), and became Nigeria's first executive president.

The Nigeria Police Force is the primary agency responsible for internal security, which includes the detection, prevention, and investigation of crimes. While the military handles external aggression and citizens or vigilantes assist, the formal constitutional mandate for criminal investigation lies with the police.

The doctrine of separation of powers, championed by Baron de Montesquieu, divides government into three branches: Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary. Its primary goal is to ensure that no single person or organ holds absolute power, thereby preventing the abuse of powers and protecting individual liberties.

A country's foreign policy is shaped by its national interests. Economic considerations (trade, foreign aid, and investment) are major determinants, as countries seek to maintain relationships that foster their domestic growth. Other factors include geographical location and historical ties.

A federal system of government is one where power is constitutionally shared between a central authority and constituent units (such as states or provinces). In this arrangement, both levels are coordinate and independent in their respective spheres of authority, rather than one being an agent of the other.

The judiciary is the arm of government responsible for the interpretation of laws and the administration of justice. While the legislature makes laws and the executive enforces them, the judiciary resolves disputes and determines the meaning and application of constitutional or statutory provisions.

Although Nigeria has participated in and won many medals at the Commonwealth Games, Nigeria has never hosted the Commonwealth Games. Nigeria did host the All-Africa Games in 1973 and 2003, but not the Commonwealth Games.

According to the classic definition of a state, there are four essential elements: population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Sovereignty is the most distinguishing characteristic as it signifies the state's supreme power and independence from external control. While a military is important for protection, it is not a defining theoretical requirement of statehood.

Max Weber identified three types of authority. Legal-rational authority is power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations, such as a constitution. Traditional authority comes from long-standing customs, while charismatic authority comes from the exceptional personal qualities of an individual leader.