Government 2025 Jamb Examination

While pressure groups use many tactics, lobbying is the most frequent and sophisticated method. It involves direct communication with government officials and legislators to influence the passage or defeat of specific policies or legislation.

The Clifford Constitution of 1922 was the first to introduce the elective principle in Nigeria. It allowed for four elected members to the Legislative Council (3 for Lagos and 1 for Calabar), marking the beginning of formal electoral democracy in Nigeria.

Anonymity is a fundamental principle of the civil service. It means that civil servants should perform their duties behind the scenes and neither take personal credit for successes nor personal blame for failures; instead, the political head (the Minister or Commissioner) takes responsibility.

Laws made by local governments or other subordinate authorities are known as bye-laws. These are a form of delegated legislation, where the parliament gives power to lower bodies to make rules governing their specific jurisdictions or functions.

The pre-colonial Igbo political system was highly egalitarian and decentralized (acephalous). Unlike the Hausa or Yoruba who had centralized monarchs, the Igbo were governed through a village assembly (Oha-na-eze) where almost every adult male had a voice in decision-making.

Nigeria's Technical Aid Corps (TAC) programme is a prime example of soft diplomacy. Launched in 1987, it involves sending Nigerian professionals (doctors, engineers, teachers) to assist other African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries, thereby building goodwill and influence without the use of force.

Early nationalist activities (proto-nationalism) in Nigeria were led by educated elements—professionals such as lawyers, doctors, and journalists (e.g., Herbert Macaulay). These individuals used newspapers and political associations to demand reforms from the colonial government.

The primary goal of the African Union (AU) is to promote co-operation and economic development among its member states. It also aims to achieve greater unity, accelerate socio-economic integration, and maintain peace and security across the continent.

A rigid constitution is one that specifies a special, often difficult, procedure for its amendment, which is usually enshrined within the document itself. This is common in federal systems to ensure that the fundamental laws cannot be changed easily or unilaterally by one level of government.

Democracy is famously defined as the government of the people, by the people, and for the people. In this system, power is derived from the consent of the governed, usually exercised through regular, free, and fair elections.