Government 2025 Jamb Examination

Fascism was the far-right, authoritarian nationalist ideology established by Benito Mussolini in Italy. Nazism (National Socialism) was the specific form of fascism promoted by Adolf Hitler in Germany. Both systems were characterized by dictatorial power and the forcible suppression of opposition.

Political participation refers to the various ways in which people take part in the political process, such as voting in elections, joining political parties, attending rallies, or running for office. It is the active engagement of citizens in the governance of their society.

Under the 1979 Constitution of Nigeria, which ushered in the Second Republic, the minimum age required to contest for a seat in the Senate was 30 years, while for the House of Representatives, it was 21 years. Note that these requirements have been updated in subsequent constitutions and 'Not Too Young To Run' legislation.

The War Against Indiscipline (WAI) was a famous social orientation programme launched in March 1984 by the Buhari/Idiagbon military regime. It aimed to instill order, environmental cleanliness, and patriotism into Nigerian public life, often through strict enforcement.

A bicameral legislature is a law-making body that consists of two chambers or houses, such as the Senate and the House of Representatives in Nigeria. A single-chamber system is known as a unicameral legislature.

The Policy of Assimilation was the primary colonial administrative system used by the French. It aimed to transform Africans into 'Black Frenchmen' by teaching them the French language, culture, and laws, eventually granting them full French citizenship.

In a confederal system, power lies with the independent regional or component governments. These units come together for specific shared purposes but retain their sovereignty, leaving the central government with very little power and making it dependent on the units.

The Electoral Commission (in Nigeria, INEC) is the body constitutionally empowered to oversee the democratic process, which includes the registration of political parties, verifying their requirements, and monitoring their conduct and finances.

Public opinion represents the collective views, attitudes, and beliefs of the citizens regarding government actions and policies. By monitoring public opinion through polls, media, and protests, the government can ascertain feedback and understand how well its policies are being received by the people.

Obligations are duties that a citizen must perform, such as paying taxes and obeying the law. While every qualified citizen has the right to contest an election, they are not obligated to do so. It is a choice or a privilege, not a mandatory duty.